SETI and the Religions of Extraterrestrials
O give ye praise Europans
by Jill
Tarter
The following article is from Free
Inquiry magazine, Volume 20, Number 3.
The statement that extraterrestrial intelligence exists or
doesn’t can have the parallel statement that God exists or doesn’t. Some
people say there’s already sufficient evidence of existence for both. If you
set aside abductions and miracles, it’s true that the absence of evidence is
not evidence of absence for either. However, if and when one ever detects
evidence of an extraterrestrial intelligence, it will break the symmetry of
these two statements and, in fact, that evidence will be inconsistent with the
existence of God or at least organized religions.
It’s all about space and all about time. Technological
civilizations cannot be co-located—that is they can’t be close to us in
space and in time—unless on the average such technological civilizations are
long-lived. I’m not talking about 100 years or 1,000 years. I’m talking
about the age of stars or galaxies. Let me illustrate that with the Drake
Equation, which in fact I hardly ever use. An equation is nothing more than a
lovely way to organize our ignorance. When you write an equation somebody
expects you to calculate an answer. It’s impossible. There is no answer to
this equation except by observation and experiment.
The Drake Equation says the number of civilizations in the
Milky Way Galaxy with whom we could currently communicate can be estimated by
taking the average rate of star formation in the Milky Way Galaxy—and really
here we mean stars similar to our own sun that live long enough for evolution to
be possible (if evolution elsewhere takes as long as it did on this planet)—by
the fraction of stars that have planets. We now know about extra-solar
planets—the number is 40, and counting. The equipment that we have on
telescopes today is best at finding only very massive planets with very
short-period orbits. Maybe ten years ago somebody would have bet that there were
none. But, we still do not have instruments with sufficient precision to find
other planets. So, we know something about extra-solar planets, but not really a
whole lot, particularly nothing yet about the number of earthlike planets in an
average solar system.
Now we get into real speculation. What is the fraction of
all earthlike planets out there on which life begins? And of that fraction of
life-starts, how many ever develop an intelligence that we would recognize? And
of the intelligent species out there, how many of them develop a civilization
and a communicative technology that can be sensed over the distances between the
stars? And last, how long does that civilization and that communication last?
Given all we know and all we really don’t know, this equation degenerates to N
is equal to or less than L. To be completely accurate, we can say that N is
much, much less than L.
We can say the number of communicative civilizations in our
galaxy currently is less than their age in years. Now I consider that the Milky
Way Galaxy is very old and very large—10 billion years old, 100,000
light-years across. We live out here in the boondocks. It contains 400 billion
stars, about a quarter of which, 100 billion, are similar to the sun. Let me
calculate how many stars I would have to search to find one intelligent
civilization. And then, what distance would I have to go out to search that many
stars in the Milky Way Galaxy?
We have had communicative technology for about 100 years.
If it’s typical, I have to search about four billion stars to find one other
intelligence. And that means that I would have to search almost 10,000
light-years, throughout our galaxy—10% of the distance across the galaxy.
Suppose that the right age is something like 13,000 or 15,000, the amount of
time we’ve had civilization so far. Then it’s 1 in 30 million stars and
I’ll find one within 1,700 light-years. If civilizations last a million years,
then I only have to search 400,000, and I’ll find one with 430 light-years.
And if civilizations last 400 million years, then 1 in a 1,000 will be enough.
And they will be within 50, 60, 70 light-years.
That 1 in 1,000 is currently where the most sensitive SETI
searches are operating. For them to succeed, for terrestrial, primitive
technology to find an extraterrestrial intelligence, means that they are going
to be very old. So near-term success implies that the technology that we detect
will be much older than our own. Ultimate success we think out in generations.
You can’t necessarily draw the same conclusion.
Therefore it has to be possible to survive the kind of
state we find ourselves in today—our technological infancy—without doing
ourselves and our planet in. Such extreme longevity is totally inconsistent with
organized religion as we know it. I’ll remind you that men never do evil so
completely and cheerfully as when they do it from religious conviction. Put
another way, in general, bad people do evil things; good people do good things.
But, it takes religion to make a good person do something really bad.
Organized religion is one of our greatest threats to
survival. Across the spectrum of religions we have today, one of the most common
elements is some form of prayer. Ambrose Bierce defined “to pray” as: “To
ask that the laws of the universe be annulled on behalf of a single petitioner
confessedly unworthy.” That frame of mind—a willingness to set aside the
laws of the universe in favor of some higher authority—basically lets one off
scot free. It allows individuals to evade the consequences of their actions,
including the destruction of species and habitats.
Organized religion is an invention not only of our
intellect but possible other intellects. H.L. Mencken said: “The most common
of all follies is to believe passionately about the palpably not true. It’s
the chief occupation of mankind.” Steven Pinker tells us that the way
evolution shaped human intelligence and the mind was to create a system of
modules designed to figure out how the world works. When you’re starting out
you haven’t figured out a whole lot yet. Nonliterate peoples routinely,
therefore, invent ghosts that they bribe for good weather. And, they grant
powers to ordinary objects. They don’t invent totally different objects; they
take the ordinary and make them more powerful.
So, organized religion is an invention of the mind, as
envisioned by Steven Pinker. God is our own invention. If we’re going to
survive or turn into a long-lived technological civilization, organized religion
needs to be outgrown. Religious wars traditionally have had secular cessations.
Somebody imposes a treaty, but the conflicts really never end. There are some
really horrific examples.
The only possible solution I can see to outgrowing religion
as we know it today with its sects and denominations is the development of a
universal religion with no deviations, no differentiations—absolutely global
and compelling for all. Such a religion might be able to coexist for a long time
with technological development without precipitating the worst of human
tendencies.
If that development is possible for any civilization, then
I would speculate that, if and when we ever get a message, it’s going to be a
missionary appeal to try to convert us all. And, on the other hand, if we get a
message and it’s secular in nature, I think that says that they have no
organized religion—that they’ve outgrown it.
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